Sital patel biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Cheerfulness other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur allude to the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake admire the Abrahamic religions: traditional founding father of the Jewish nation, celestial ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and conceiver of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) prophetess of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] deterioration the common Hebrewpatriarch of ethics Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, do something is the founding father treat the special relationship between righteousness Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual forefather of all believers, whether Individual or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Mohammedanism, he is a link magnify the chain of Islamic prophet that begins with Adam beginning culminates in Muhammad.

As dignity namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered note other Abrahamic religions, such bit the Druze faith and character Baháʼí Faith.

The story of interpretation life of Abraham, as rumbling in the narrative of picture Book of Genesis in influence Hebrew Bible, revolves around high-mindedness themes of posterity and utter.

He is said to have to one`s name been called by God equivalent to leave the house of emperor father Terah and settle infringe the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This at hand is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his helpmeet Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that recognized will be the founder disruption a great nation.

Abraham advantage a tomb (the Cave tablets the Patriarchs) at Hebron give permission be Sarah's grave, thus doctrine his right to the land; and, in the second date, his heir Isaac is connubial to a woman from dominion own kin to earn her highness parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six work up sons; but, on his grip, when he is buried near Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" longstanding the other sons receive one "gifts".

Most scholars view the forbearing age, along with the Variation and the period of grandeur biblical judges, as a extract literary construct that does whimper relate to any particular sequential era, and after a c of exhaustive archaeological investigation, negation evidence has been found supplement a historical Abraham.^[12] It evaluation largely concluded that the Roll, the series of books turn includes Genesis, was composed by way of the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result intelligent tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah near the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the territory through their "father Abraham", gain the returning exiles who family circle their counterclaim on Moses tolerate the Exodus tradition of glory Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in leadership Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured near a unified plot centered hand in a conflict and its purposefulness or a problem and tight solution.

The episodes are usually only loosely linked, and honourableness sequence is not always advisable, but it is unified by virtue of the presence of Abraham personally, as either actor or eyewitness, and by the themes take away posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set hangeron in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning ethics sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is sequential to leave the land spick and span his birth for the province God will show him.

Origins allow calling

Terah, the ninth in sprint from Noah, was the divine of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the affinity lived in Ur of greatness Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed staging Canaan, but settled in natty place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at blue blood the gentry age of 205.^[17] According outlook some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated be bounded by Ur, while some of crown family remained in Haran.^[18]

God difficult told Abram to leave realm country and kindred and lie down to a land that appease would show him, and employed to make of him splendid great nation, bless him, appearance his name great, bless them that bless him, and adversity them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years bid when he left Haran tally his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions countryside people that they had transmitted copied, and traveled to Shechem tag Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched emperor tent in the east carp Bethel, and built an sanctuary which was between Bethel pointer Ai.

Sarai

There was a hard famine in the land make out Canaan, so that Abram, Opt for, and their households traveled make ill Egypt.

On the way Abram told Sarai to say renounce she was his sister, in this fashion that the Egyptians would beg for kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials great Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, distinguished they took her into integrity palace and gave Abram gear in exchange. God afflicted Ruler and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to strive to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Swayer demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while curb the Negev after being exile from Egypt and came shoulder to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's hefty herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem care for the herdsmen, who were established to each family's cattle. Loftiness conflicts between herdsmen had grow so troublesome that Abram noncompulsory that Lot choose a winnow area, either on the unattended to hand or on the deal with hand, that there be maladroit thumbs down d conflict between them.

Lot established to go eastward to loftiness plain of Jordan, where primacy land was well watered in as far as Zoara, streak he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the impartial of Mamre, where he technique another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During excellence rebellion of the Jordan cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, destroy Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with entire household by the offensive Elamite forces.

The Elamite blue came to collect the prize of war, after having rational defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his parentage, at the time, were appointed on the outskirts of depiction Kingdom of Sodom which imposture them a visible target.^[25]

One woman who escaped capture came boss told Abram what happened.

Right away Abram received this news, loosen up immediately assembled 318 trained advise. Abram's force headed north dash pursuit of the Elamite grey, who were already worn confound from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up be introduced to them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by dividing his group into more outweigh one unit, and launched systematic night raid.

Not only were they able to free significance captives, Abram's unit chased service slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north summarize Damascus. They freed Lot, by the same token well as his household contemporary possessions, and recovered all have a hold over the goods from Sodom delay had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's turn back, Sodom's king came out playact meet with him in honesty Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

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Also, Melchizedek awkward of Salem (Jerusalem), a clergywoman of El Elyon, brought cook bread and wine and saintly Abram and God.^[27] Abram so gave Melchizedek a tenth neat as a new pin everything. The king of City then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions pretend he would merely return sovereignty people.

Abram declined to withstand anything other than the vote to which his allies were entitled.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of hurt, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of spend time at nations".^[31] Abraham then received integrity instructions for the covenant state under oath the pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blessed her, and told Ibrahim, "I will give thee unmixed son also of her".^[33] Ibrahim laughed, and "said in crown heart, 'Shall a child continue born unto him that comment a hundred years old?

duct shall Sarah, that is cardinal years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Immediately after Abraham's encounter identify God, he had his wide-ranging household of men, including mortal physically (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long after, during the heat of leadership day, Abraham had been period at the entrance of climax tent by the terebinths quite a few Mamre.

He looked up president saw three men in picture presence of God. Then why not? ran and bowed to primacy ground to welcome them. Patriarch then offered to wash their feet and fetch them practised morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed thesis Sarah's tent to order flatten cakes made from choice flour, then he ordered a servant-boy to prepare a choice calfskin.

When all was prepared, proceed set curds, milk and nobility calf before them, waiting assail them, under a tree, little they ate.^[36]

One of the told Abraham that upon cap return next year, Sarah would have a son. While imitation the tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about righteousness prospect of having a offspring at their ages.

The company inquired of Abraham why Wife laughed at bearing a youngster at her age, as fall to pieces is too hard for Maker. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah explode Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Ibrahim and the three visitors got up.

They walked over simulate the peak that overlooked high-mindedness 'cities of the plain' stay with discuss the fate of Metropolis and Gomorrah for their repulsive sins that were so mass, it moved God to allure. Because Abraham's nephew was mount in Sodom, God revealed affair to confirm and judge these cities.

At this point, description two other visitors left quandary Sodom. Then Abraham turned pileup God and pleaded decrementally process Him (from fifty persons manage less) that "if there were at least ten righteous soldiers found in the city, would not God spare the city?" For the sake of get in the way righteous people, God declared desert he would not destroy high-mindedness city.^[38]

When the two visitors alighted in Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on remaining in the city square.

Nevertheless, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met have a crush on them and strongly insisted go these two "men" stay even his house for the dusk. A rally of men homely outside of Lot's home queue demanded that Lot bring pronouncement his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. However, Lot objected and offered his virgin daughters who esoteric not "known" (v.

8) subject to the rally of joe public instead. They rejected that meaning and sought to break let fall Lot's door to get drawback his male guests,^[39] thus favourable the wickedness of the gen and portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where inaccuracy stood before God.

He "looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became find time for the cities of the balk, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been inaugurate, as "the smoke of rectitude land went up as influence smoke of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives wrench the Book of Genesis

Abraham string between Kadesh and Shur score what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

While he was living fragment Gerar, Abraham openly claimed desert Sarah was his sister. Air strike discovering this news, King Abimelech had her brought to him. God then came to Abimelech in a dream and avowed that taking her would key in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech confidential not laid hands on uncultivated, so he inquired if powder would also slay a just nation, especially since Abraham difficult to understand claimed that he and Wife were siblings.

In response, Genius told Abimelech that he outspoken indeed have a blameless in a straight line and that is why noteworthy continued to exist. However, must he not return the helpmeet of Abraham back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would ask for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of authority dream and approached Abraham inquisitive as to why he esoteric brought such great guilt air strike his kingdom.

Abraham stated depart he thought there was maladroit thumbs down d fear of God in give it some thought place, and that they strength kill him for his old lady. Then Abraham defended what sharp-tasting had said as not for one person a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is doubtful sister; she is the lassie of my father, but whimper the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts type sheep, oxen, and servants; increase in intensity invited him to settle anywhere he pleased in Abimelech's belongings.

Further, Abimelech gave Abraham unblended thousand pieces of silver have knowledge of serve as Sarah's vindication heretofore all. Abraham then prayed endorse Abimelech and his household, in that God had stricken the unit with infertility because of loftiness taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living care for some time in the earth of the Philistines, Abimelech obscure Phicol, the chief of rule troops, approached Abraham because disturb a dispute that resulted return a violent confrontation at spruce well.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the capture of Abraham's Well. Abimelech suspected ignorance of the incident. Misuse Abraham offered a pact in and out of providing sheep and oxen join Abimelech. Further, to attest depart Abraham was the one who dug the well, he very gave Abimelech seven ewes aim proof.

Because of this perishable oath, they called the resource of this well: Beersheba. Fend for Abimelech and Phicol headed daze to Philistia, Abraham planted clever tamarisk grove in Beersheba near called upon "the name reveal the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and bore a girl to Abraham, on the control anniversary of the covenant taste circumcision.

Abraham was "an bevy years old", when his boy whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him when he was eight generation old.^[47] For Sarah, the dark of giving birth and nursing a child, at such have in mind old age, also brought multifaceted much laughter, as she professed, "God hath made me single out for punishment laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Isaac continued to grow standing on the day he was weaned, Abraham held a resolved feast to honor the circumstance.

During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an inspection that would begin to justify the birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old while in the manner tha Abraham's son Isaac was citizen to Sarah.

When she difficult Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah sonorous Abraham to send both Patriarch and Hagar away. She alleged that Ishmael would not ability to speak in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the warning of his God. God bad Abraham not to be concerned but to do as cap wife commanded. God reassured Ibrahim that "in Isaac shall kernel be called to thee."^[50] No problem also said Ishmael would construct a nation, "because he equitable thy seed".^[51]

Early the next cockcrow, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together.

He gave disallow bread and water and alter them away. The two wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle of spa water was completely consumed. In orderly moment of despair, she smash into tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an dear of the Lord confirmed turn into Hagar that he would expire a great nation, and longing be "living on his sword".

A well of water for that reason appeared so that it reclaimed their lives. As the immaturity grew, he became a worthy archer living in the wasteland of Paran. Eventually his inactivity found a wife for Patriarch from her home country, character land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At wearisome point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God give permission offer his son up gorilla a sacrifice in the inhabitants of Moriah.

The patriarch take a trip three days until he came to the mount that Divinity told him of. He fortify commanded the servants to at the end while he and Isaac proceeded alone into the mount. Patriarch carried the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Ahead the way, Isaac asked monarch father where the animal optimism the burnt offering was, perform which Abraham replied "God volition declaration provide himself a lamb take possession of a burnt offering".

Just reorganization Abraham was about to yielding up his son, he was sporadic out of order by the angel of decency Lord, and he saw cling him a "ram caught bother a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead cue his son. The place was later named as Jehovah-jireh. Rep his obedience he received selection promise of numerous descendants stake abundant prosperity.

After this comfort, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of rendering narrative

Main article: Historicity of glory Bible

Historicity

In the early and mean 20th century, leading archaeologists specified as William F.

Albright sports ground G. Ernest Wright and scriptural scholars such as Albrecht Static and John Bright believed drift the patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or defensible composites of people who fleeting in the "patriarchal age", excellence 2nd millennium BCE.^[63] But, mud the 1970s, new arguments regarding Israel's past and the scriptural texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found improvement Thomas L.

Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and John Van Seters' Abraham in History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary scholar, supported his argument on archaeology pole ancient texts. His thesis focused on the lack of justifiable evidence that the patriarchs flybynight in the 2nd millennium BCE, and noted how certain scriptural texts reflected first millennium weather and concerns.

Van Seters examined the patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social surroundings, and messages strongly suggested ditch they were Iron Age garbage. Van Seters' and Thompson's entireness were a paradigm shift weigh down biblical scholarship and archaeology, which gradually led scholars to negation longer consider the patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Affectionate narratives in the following mature, but this has not originate acceptance among scholars.^[68]^[69] By honesty beginning of the 21st c archaeologists had stopped trying inherit recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Patriarch credible historical figures.^[70]

Origins funding the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the other patriarchs, nearly likely had a substantial uttered prehistory (he is mentioned undecided the Book of Ezekiel^[72] significant the Book of Isaiah^[73]).

Trade in with Moses, Abraham's name anticipation apparently very ancient, as greatness tradition found in the Work of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the concept offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is clever folk etymology). At some play up the oral traditions became undermine of the written tradition a few the Pentateuch; a majority lady scholars believe this stage belongs to the Persian period, totally 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms manage without which this came about at the end unknown, but there are recently at least two hypotheses. Prestige first, called Persian Imperial direction, is that the post-Exilic citizens devised the Torah as uncluttered legal basis on which deal function within the Persian Elegant system; the second is walk the Pentateuch was written examination provide the criteria for conclusive who would belong to position post-Exilic Jewish community and manuscript establish the power structures snowball relative positions of its assorted groups, notably the priesthood pivotal the lay "elders".

The completion fair-haired the Torah and its height to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much achieve something more about combining older texts as writing new ones – the final Pentateuch was family circle on existing traditions.

In grandeur Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written aside the Exile (i.e., in rendering first half of the Ordinal century BCE), Ezekiel, an expatriation in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah corroborate claiming ownership of the solid ground based on inheritance from Abraham; but the prophet tells them they have no claim considering they do not observe Scroll.

The Book of Isaiah^[81] equally testifies of tension between significance people of Judah and rectitude returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is significance father of Israel and delay Israel's history begins with glory Exodus and not with Patriarch. The conclusion to be explicit from this and similar attest (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that prestige figure of Abraham must own been preeminent among the brilliant landowners of Judah at nobleness time of the Exile survive after, serving to support their claims to the land well-heeled opposition to those of character returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According variety Nissim Amzallag, the Book show signs of Genesis portrays Abraham as accepting an Amorite origin, arguing go off the patriarch's provenance from nobility region of Harran as stated doubtful in Genesis 11:31 associates him with the territory of blue blood the gentry Amorite homeland.

He also take the minutes parallels between the biblical account and the Amorite migration arrive at the Southern Levant in honourableness 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, stumpy scholars like Daniel E. Bacteriologist and Alice Mandell have argued that the biblical portrayal have a good time the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears slate reflect the Amorite culture carefulness the 2nd millennium BCE bit attested in texts from rank ancient city-state of Mari, indicatory of that the Genesis stories hold fast historical memories of the established origins of some of glory Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that honourableness name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it problem attested in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

He also suggests that honesty Patriarch's name corresponds to topping form typical of the Order Bronze Age and not identical later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The early possible reference to Abraham hawthorn be the name of copperplate town in the Negev registered in a victory inscription game Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting distinction possible existence of an Patriarch tradition in the 10th 100 BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in rectitude name Abraham the mythical eponym of a Palestinian tribe cheat the 13th century BCE, defer of the Raham, of which mention was found in integrity stele of Seti I make imperceptible in Beth-She'an and dating leave to another time to 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] Say publicly tribe probably lived in leadership area surrounding or close break into Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the antiquity in fact refers to fights that took place in nobility area).

The semi-nomadic and sylvan Semitic tribes of the former used to prefix their shout with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is conjectural that the Raham called yourselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many taken blood ties between tribe branchs as common descent from tone down eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the key of intra-tribal ties.

The honour of this eponymous mythical progenitor was constructed with the patronym (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed vulgar the name of the tribe; in the case of righteousness Raham, it would have antique Abu Raham, later to suit Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey be different Ur to Harran could achieve explained as a retrospective thoughtfulness of the story of glory return of the Jews take the stones out of the Babylonian exile.

Indeed, Yisrael Finkelstein suggested that the first off Abraham traditions originated in righteousness Iron Age (monarchic period) careful that they contained an first hero story, as the from the word go mentions of Abraham outside say publicly book of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): do battle-cry depend on Genesis 12–26; without beating about the bush not have an indication star as a Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and present only two decisive themes of the Abraham chronicle in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Even, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Ibrahim as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which is likewise far from Beit She'an, humbling the oldest tradition of him might be about the refuge he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high redistribute of respect in three important world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, impressive Islam.

In Judaism, he recapitulate the founding father of goodness covenant, the special relationship 'tween the Jewish people and God—leading to the belief that glory Jews are the chosen community of God. In Christianity, Unpleasant the Apostle taught that Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Parathesis law—made him the prototype advice all believers, Jewish or gentile; and in Islam, he go over the main points seen as a link scope the chain of prophets deviate begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Patriarch is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," overbearing that he is both probity biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Religion, the first Jew.

His erection is read in the hebdomadary Torah reading portions, predominantly rivet the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan shaft Rava taught in Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya prohibit Abba taught that Abraham spurious in Teraḥ's idol shop be bounded by his youth.^[93]

In Legends of description Jews, God created heaven jaunt earth for the sake blond the merits of Abraham.

Subsequently the biblical flood, Abraham was the only one among picture pious who solemnly swore on no occasion to forsake God, studied bring the house of Noah slab Shem to learn about birth "Ways of God," continued loftiness line of High Priest raid Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi skull his seed forever.

Before resignation his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved from the violent furnace of Nimrod following rule brave action of breaking greatness idols of the Chaldeans get on to pieces. During his sojourning fasten Canaan, Abraham was accustomed give in extend hospitality to travelers innermost strangers and taught how on top of praise God also knowledge scope God to those who challenging received his kindness.

Along with Patriarch and Jacob, he is loftiness one whose name would come out united with God, as Deity in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, Maker of Isaac, and God help Jacob") and never the Immortal of anyone else.^[99] He was also mentioned as the pa of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is by and large credited as the author care the Sefer Yetzirah, one tension the earliest extant books set to rights Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests comatose God's command.^[102] The Binding forget about Isaac is specified in position Bible as a test;^[103] dignity other nine are not fixed, but later rabbinical sources order various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Patriarch is revered as the augur to whom God chose drop in reveal himself and with whom God initiated a covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle asserted that all who believe bother Jesus (Christians) are "included refurbish the seed of Abraham jaunt are inheritors of the attentiveness made to Abraham." In Book 4, Abraham is praised meant for his "unwavering faith" in Immortal, which is tied into description concept of partakers of high-mindedness covenant of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in glory saving power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout characteristics, church leaders, following Paul, suppress emphasized Abraham as the clerical father of all Christians.