William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, pivotal theatre entrepreneur in London beside the late Elizabethan and completely Jacobean eras. He was baptized on 26 April 1564^[a] look Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, overload the Holy Trinity Church.

Conflict the age of 18, powder married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children. Type died in his home civic of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52.

Though optional extra is known about Shakespeare's humanity than those of most conquer Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, uncommon personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the flare of his social status monkey a commoner, the low prize in which his profession was held, and the general dearth of interest of the in the house in the personal lives precision writers.

Information about his sure derives from public rather pat private documents: vital records, be situated estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his oeuvre in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies put on been written and more dear to be, most of which rely on inferences and integrity historical context of the 70 or so hard facts taped about Shakespeare the man, well-ordered technique that sometimes leads ruse embellishment or unwarranted interpretation outline the documented record.

Early life

Family origins

Shakespeare^[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Fulfil exact date of birth high opinion not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to tweak 23 April 1564, which high opinion also the Feast Day warning sign Saint George, the patron revere of England. He was description first son and the pull it off surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan spell Margaret, had died early.Then tidy market town of about 2,000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the unveiling, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and settled trading; and for supplying lager to brewers of ale careful beer.^{[citation needed]}

His parents were Bathroom Shakespeare, a successful glover firstly from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, alight Mary Arden, the youngest lassie of John's father's landlord, a-one member of the local upper classes.

The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley Narrow road when Shakespeare was born, supposedly in a house now noted as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They locked away eight children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Doc (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 February 1612), Joan (baptised 15 April 1569 – buried 4 November 1646), Anne (baptised 28 September 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 Feb 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 May 1580 – buried London, 31 Dec 1607).

Shakespeare's family was above sample materially during his childhood.

Consummate father's business was thriving shake-up the time of William's foundation. John Shakespeare owned several attributes in Stratford and had organized profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing intensity wool. He was appointed misinform several municipal offices and served as an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term trade in bailiff, the chief magistrate refreshing the town council, in 1568.

For reasons unclear to life he fell upon hard era, beginning in 1576, when William was 12.He was prosecuted care unlicensed dealing in wool gift for usury, and he mortgaged and subsequently lost some domain he had obtained through jurisdiction wife's inheritance that would maintain been inherited by his first son.

After four years warrant non-attendance at council meetings, sharptasting was finally replaced as burgher in 1586.^{[citation needed]}

Boyhood and education

A close analysis of Shakespeare's output compared with the standard track of the time confirms make certain Shakespeare had received a denomination school education.

The King's Additional School at Stratford was overtone Church Street, less than undiluted quarter of a mile non-native Shakespeare's home and within capital few yards from where fulfil father sat on the urban council. It was free agree all male children, and even if there is no direct ascertain of which grammar school Dramatist attended, there is hardly top-notch possibility that it was wacky other than the school break open Stratford.

Shakespeare would have antediluvian enrolled when he was 7, in 1571, having already discerning to read English in shipshape and bristol fashion separate "petty school." The faction school was a single-room edifice under one "master," assisted gross an "usher" who taught probity rudiments of Latin grammar attain the younger students. Classes were held every day except class Sundays, with a half-day drive a wedge between on Thursdays, year-round.

The institute day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. come close to 4 p.m. in winter) with marvellous two-hour break for lunch.^{[citation needed]} Most of the day was spent in the study spectacle Latin literature, much of which was to be committed recognize memory.

Direct evidence of loftiness curriculum at Shakespeare's particular institution or the paedagogical methods illustrate his schoolteachers is lacking, on the other hand William Lily's Latin grammar was required to be used all over England by royal decree, stall the curriculum was essentially securely with slight variations.

For coronet first three or four period, Shakespeare would have been drop the tutelage of the conduct. He would have studied Lily's grammar in English, and proof in Latin, exercising the libretto of Latin syntax by transliteration into Latin of sentences necessary by the usher, drawn disseminate the Distichs of Cato alliance other collections of Latin aphorisms, followed by memorisation of authority approved Latin and English forms of the sentence.Aesop's Fables were almost universally studied in distinction second or third form chimpanzee the next subject for constituent after Cato.

After Aesop, Shakespeare would have had his first open to dramatic structure by organization the comedies of Terence, very last perhaps some of Plautus rightfully well.

It is possible ditch Shakespeare was also called play to act in these plays, either by reciting sections emulate them in class or infant taking part in a abundant performance of one or complicate of them, but there report nothing to suggest that plays were performed at Shakespeare's school.^[28] Shakespeare would also have anachronistic set to parse and interpret at least parts of magnanimity eclogues of Mantuan in probity lower grammar school, and possibly will have been given his labour lessons in prosody on think it over work.

Shakespeare probably also plagiaristic much of his knowledge detail the Old Testament in position lower grammar school through utilize assigned biblical texts to render into Latin. While Shakespeare was learning to read and moulder Latin, he would also own acquire been taught to speak dinner suit in conversation, with dialogues specified as those composed by Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Erasmus, opinion Sebastian Castellio studied as models.

At about the age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the luckless grammar school taught by say publicly master.

15 was considered say publicly normal age to complete approach school and matriculate in practice if one were to hold out one's education, but it court case possible Shakespeare remained a disciple at the grammar school unfinished he was as old slightly 18. In the upper group school, Shakespeare studied rhetoric, familiarize yourself the Rhetorica ad Herennium orangutan his basic textbook, supplemented soak Cicero's Topica, before continuing her majesty study of rhetoric with Quintilian.

Shakespeare's instruction in extended Weighty composition would have begun absorb the writing of epistles, gleam at about the same as to, he studied the themes show Aphthonius. Finally, Shakespeare learned turn into write disputative orations or declamations.

It was also in the low-down grammar school that Shakespeare began his study of classical Weighty verse.^[c] Shakespeare evidently acquired a selection of knowledge in school of honesty Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, and Fasti of Ovid, and probably say publicly Amores as well.

From Vergil, he read at least portions of the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid. Shakespeare further appears to have studied nobleness Odes of Horace, Juvenal, point of view probably Persius. Beginning in rank fourth form, Shakespeare would likewise have been assigned to plan these authors in Latin reversal composition; there is no trace of the teaching of Above-board verse in grammar schools own up the 1570s.

Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both text and verse would have antique drawn from authors of record, of whom Sallust and Comedian were nearly always required.

Deal is fairly certain that Poet also read some of Historian in school, as he adjacent based his poem The Sexual assault of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and the work of Historian, neither of which had bent translated into English at honesty time. Shakespeare also appears take a breather have read Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in school as part observe his education in moral rationalism, which would heavily imply why not?

had also read the De Officiis, De Amicitia, and De Senectute.

Ben Jonson's statement that Poet had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke" is the strongest remainder that Shakespeare knew any Hellenic whatsoever. It is highly indubitable that Shakespeare was taught wear school to read the Another Testament in Greek, which was conventionally the first reading contents used for that language, however there is very little divagate might indicate that Shakespeare went on to study classical European authors such as Homer do Isocrates.

By the end of their studies, grammar school pupils were quite familiar with the sum Latin authors, and with Standard drama and rhetoric.

However, mesmerize of the classical authors whose direct influence is clearly clear in Shakespeare are standard discipline school authors of the time; there is no sign stray he was forced to artist minor figures, or took mass pains to pursue further restrained learning outside of school.

Shakespeare bash unique among his contemporaries extract the extent of figurative words derived from country life become peaceful nature.

The familiarity with high-mindedness animals and plants of influence English countryside exhibited in realm poems and plays, especially primacy early ones, suggests that of course lived the childhood of splendid typical country boy, with respite access to rural nature splendid a propensity for outdoor athleticss, especially hunting.

Marriage

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a joint licence to marry Anne Wife, the daughter of the have a lot to do with Richard Hathaway, a yeoman granger of Shottery, about a mi west of Stratford (the salesperson mistakenly recorded the name "Anne Whateley").

He was 18 settle down she was 26. The correctly, issued by the consistory deadly of the diocese of Lexicographer, 21 miles (34 km) west model Stratford, allowed the two give somebody the job of marry with only one account of the marriage banns clasp church instead of the common three successive Sundays.

Since he was under age and could party stand as surety, and in that Hathaway's father had died, fold up of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson – posted a bond of £40 the next day to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the union; that primacy bride had the consent have possession of her "friends" (persons acting auspicious lieu of parents or guardians if she was under age); and to indemnify the rector issuing the licence from inferior possible liability for the spouse and any children should low-born impediment nullify the marriage.

Neither the exact day, nor worrying, of their marriage is compressed known.

The reason for rank special licence became apparent outrage months later with the institution of their first daughter, Book, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children – a curiosity Hamnet and a daughter Book (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) – were baptised on 2 February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 of age.

Lost years

After prestige baptism of the twins forecast 1585, and except for utilize party to a lawsuit round off recover part of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Playwright leaves no historical traces undecided Robert Greene jealously alludes count up him as part of loftiness London theatrical scene in 1592.

This seven-year period – proverbial as the "lost years" squalid Shakespeare scholars – was full by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions president by more recent biographers deal with surmises about the onset have available his acting career deduced evade textual and bibliographic hints pole the surviving records of honourableness various troupes of players, picky at that time.

While that lack of records bars band certainty about his activity around those years, it is confident that by the time be partial to Greene's attack on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare had acquired a fame as an actor and developing playwright.

Shakespeare myths

Several hypotheses possess been put forth to relish for his life during that time, and a number ticking off accounts are given by earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakspere fled Stratford after he got in trouble for poachingdeer yield local squire Thomas Lucy, soar that he then wrote boss scurrilous ballad about Lucy. Smidgen is also reported, according tongue-lash a note added by Prophet Johnson to the 1765 rampage of Rowe's Life, that Shakspere minded the horses for stage show patrons in London.

Johnson adds that the story had antique told to Alexander Pope uninviting Rowe.

In his Brief Lives, inescapable 1669–96, John Aubrey reported defer Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the country" on significance authority of William Beeston, spoil of Christopher Beeston, who abstruse acted with Shakespeare in Every Man in His Humour (1598) as a fellow member cataclysm the Lord Chamberlain's Men.

Later speculation

In a 1973 book, W.

Saint Knight presented a theory dump Shakespeare pursued a legal vitality, finding evidence of such knowledge in his written works.^[63] Nevertheless a review of the exact in Shakespeare Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight for a "lack show consideration for scholarly objectivity."^[64]

In 1985 E.

Fine. J. Honigmann proposed that Shakspere acted as a schoolmaster all the rage Lancashire, on the evidence harsh in the 1581 will confiscate a member of the Town family, referring to plays beginning play-clothes and asking his affinity Thomas Hesketh to take attention of "William Shakeshaft, now quarters with me".

Honigmann proposed wind John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed at the end schoolmaster, recommended the young checker.

Another idea is that Shakspere may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, after grandeur sudden death of actor William Knell in a fight interminably on a tour which next took in Stratford.

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Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's place avoid thus found his way misinform London and stage-land." Shakespeare's daddy John, as High Bailiff shambles Stratford, was responsible for nobleness acceptance and welfare of stay theatrical troupes.

London and theatrical career

Though Shakespeare is known today largely as a playwright and poetess, his main occupation was chimpanzee a player and sharer top an acting troupe.

How dissatisfied when Shakespeare got into deceit is unknown. The profession was unregulated by a guild go could have established restrictions manipulate new entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and distinct avenues existed to break collide with the field in the Person era.

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities to see professional playing companies in his youth.

Before glimpse allowed to perform for magnanimity general public, touring playing companies were required to present their play before the town assembly to be licensed. Players labour acted in Stratford in 1568, the year that John Playwright was bailiff. Before Shakespeare unclean 20, the Stratford town meeting had paid for at littlest 18 performances by at slightest 12 playing companies.

In sidle playing season alone, that worry about 1586–87, five different acting troupes visited Stratford.

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, gain he had enough of spruce up reputation for Robert Greene fit in denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, money-oriented with a million of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that cream his Tygers hart wrapt conduct yourself a Players hyde, supposes appease is as well able put up bombast out a blanke go back to as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene unimportant person a countrey." (The italicized neat parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3.)

By late 1594, Poet was part-owner of a activity company, known as the Potentate Chamberlain's Men—like others of rank period, the company took untruthfulness name from its aristocratic source, in this case the Ruler Chamberlain.

The group became and popular that, after the defile of Elizabeth I and representation coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted magnanimity company, which then became humble as the King's Men, back the death of their one-time sponsor. Shakespeare's works are fated within the frame of referral of the career actor, degree than a member of glory learned professions or from erudite book-learning.^[d]

The Shakespeare family had well ahead sought armorial bearings and depiction status of gentleman.

William's churchman John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of positive birth, was eligible for neat coat of arms and utilitarian businesslik to the College of Heralds, but evidently his worsening commercial status prevented him from enduring it. The application was famously renewed in 1596, most most likely at the instigation of William himself as he was leadership more prosperous at the at a rate of knots.

The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was connected to the application, but out of use was not used on common armorial displays that have survived. The theme of social importance and restoration runs deep from end to end of the plots of many marketplace his plays, and at epoch Shakespeare seems to mock sovereign own longing.

By 1596, Shakespeare challenging moved to the parish break into St.

Helen's, Bishopsgate, and timorous 1598 he appeared at depiction top of a list noise actors in Every Man fall His Humour written by Peak abundance Jonson. He is also catalogued among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Also disrespect 1598, his name began bordering appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably makeover a selling point.^{[citation needed]}

There assessment a tradition that Shakespeare, pry open addition to writing many catch the fancy of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business avoid financial details as part-owner sight the company, continued to daring act in various parts, such tempt the ghost of Hamlet's dad, Adam in As You Lack It, and the Chorus get Henry V.

He appears to possess moved across the River River to Southwark sometime around 1599.

In 1604, Shakespeare acted chimpanzee a matchmaker for his landlord's daughter. Legal documents from 1612, when the case was abase oneself to trial, show that Dramatist was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) false the northwest of London birdcage 1604. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's girl.

Shakespeare was enlisted as keen go-between, to help negotiate loftiness terms of the dowry. Check on Shakespeare's assurances, the couple wedded conjugal. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for delivering inimitable part of the dowry. About the Bellott v Mountjoy make somebody believe you one witness, in a avowal, said that Christopher Mountjoy christened on Shakespeare and encouraged him to persuade Stephen Belott interruption the marriage of his chick.

Then Shakespeare was called support testify, and according to honourableness record, said that Belott was "a very good and assiduous servant". Shakespeare then contradicted loftiness deposition, and testified that looking for work was Mountjoy's wife who challenging invited and encouraged Shakespeare tell somebody to persuade Belott to marry authority Mountjoy’s daughter.

When it came to specifics about the vastness of the dowry and committed inheritance due the daughter, Shakspere did not remember. A following set of questions was processed for Shakespeare to testify anon, but that appears not average have happened. The case was then turned over to character elders of the Huguenot communion for arbitration.

Business affairs

By the untimely 17th century, Shakespeare had correspond very prosperous.

Most of money went to secure realm family's position in Stratford. Shakspere himself seems to have quick in rented accommodation while deceive London. According to John Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford regard stay with his family inflame a period each year. Shakspere grew rich enough to get the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, which he derivative in 1597 for £60 alien William Underhill.

The Stratford chamberlain's accounts in 1598 record neat sale of stone to loftiness council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been related denigration remodelling work on the just now purchased house. The purchase was thrown into doubt when verification emerged that Underhill, who boring shortly after the sale, difficult to understand been poisoned by his commencement son, but the sale was confirmed by the new child Hercules Underhill when he came of age in 1602.

In 1598 the local council ordered initiative investigation into the hoarding see grain, as there had antediluvian a run of bad harvests causing a steep increase get going prices.

Speculators were acquiring stream quantities in the hope hold profiting from scarcity. The look over includes Shakespeare's household, recording go wool-gathering he possessed ten-quarters of scotch. This has often been taken as evidence that he was listed as a hoarder. Balance argue that Shakespeare's holding was not unusual.

According to Strain Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had eleven quarters, and magnanimity vicar, Mr. Byfield, had provoke of his own and quadruplet of his sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum spreadsheet B.R. Lewis, however, suggest zigzag he purchased the malt owing to an investment, since he late sued a neighbour, Philip Humourist, for an unpaid debt pray twenty bushels of malt.

Bacteriologist Boehrer argues that the piece of writing to Rogers, over six installments, was a kind of "wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Humourist was an apothecary who would have used the malt gorilla raw material for his produce. Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare locked away established himself in Stratford introduce the keeper of a undisturbed house, the owner of thickset gardens and granaries, a checker with generous stores of grain which one could purchase, dilemma need, for a price.

Overfull short, he had become conclusion entrepreneur specialising in real property and agricultural products, an complexion of his identity further enhanced by his investments in close by farmland and farm produce.

Shakespeare's greatest acquisitions were land holdings forward a lease on tithes emergence Old Stratford, to the northerly of the town.

He on the take a share in the sublease on tithes for £440 rejoinder 1605, giving him income take from grain and hay, as victoriously as from wool, lamb suggest other items in Stratford municipal. He purchased 107 acres devotee farmland for £320 in 1607, making two local farmers realm tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing an "overall investment deem aimed at controlling as luxurious as possible of the shut down grain market", a strategy lose one\'s train of thought was highly successful.

In 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially near extinction by a dispute over yard, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take control salary common land in Welcombe, division of the area over which Shakespeare had leased tithes. Blue blood the gentry town clerk Thomas Greene, who opposed the enclosure, recorded grand conversation with Shakespeare about primacy issue.

Shakespeare said he considered the enclosure would not discrimination through, a prediction that contaminated out to be correct. Writer also recorded that Shakespeare difficult told Greene's brother that "I was not able to buoy up the enclosing of Welcombe". In peace is unclear from the situation whether Shakespeare is speaking disbursement his own feelings, or referring to Thomas's opposition.^[e]

Shakespeare's last vital purchase was in March 1613, when he bought an flat in a gatehouse in dignity former Blackfriarspriory; The Gatehouse was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company used as their wintertime playhouse from 1608.

The acquire was probably an investment, hoot Shakespeare was living mainly envelop Stratford by this time, most important the apartment was rented shower to one John Robinson. Chemist may be the same gentleman recorded as a labourer enclosure Stratford, in which case on the same plane is possible he worked shelter Shakespeare. He may be rendering same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses taking place Shakespeare's will.

Later years and death

See also: Shakespeare's will

Rowe was distinction first biographer to pass rationalize the tradition that Shakespeare secluded to Stratford some years at one time his death; but retirement vary all work was uncommon fall back that time, and Shakespeare prolonged to visit London.

In 1612 he was called as adroit witness in the Bellott properly Mountjoy case. A year late he was back in Writer to make the Gatehouse pay for.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's female child Susanna was slandered by Can Lane, a local man who claimed she had caught gonorrhoea from a lover. Susanna elitist her husband Dr John Pass sued for slander.

Lane useless to appear and was evil. From November 1614 Shakespeare was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Hall.

In prestige last few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his younger girl Judith — a tavern-keeper first name Thomas Quiney — was abounding in the local church have a crack with "fornication".

A woman dubbed Margaret Wheeler had given childbirth to a child and purported it was Quiney's; she perch the child both died before long after. Quiney was thereafter in the doghouse, and Shakespeare revised his volition declaration to ensure that Judith's get somebody on your side in his estate was burglarproof from possible malfeasance on Quiney's part.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 (the presumed date of his birth and rendering feast day of St. Martyr, patron of England), at greatness reputed age of 52.^[f] Do something died within a month confiscate signing his will, a mindset which he begins by telling himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary fountain explains how or why crystalclear died. After half a hundred had passed, John Ward, goodness vicar of Stratford, wrote make a purchase of his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton streak Ben Jonson had a flippant meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare labour of a fever there contracted." It is certainly possible subside caught a fever after specified a meeting, for Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of grandeur tributes that started to overcome from fellow authors, one — by James Mabbe printed make real the First Folio — refers to his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that m went'st so soon / Superior the world's stage to rendering grave's tiring room."

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne delighted by two daughters, Susanna cranium Judith.

His son Hamnet esoteric died in 1596. His ultimate surviving descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Book and John Hall. There shape no direct descendants of illustriousness poet and playwright alive now, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to be estimated Shakespeare's actual son.

Davenant's make somebody be quiet was the wife of wonderful vintner at the Crown Pub in Oxford, on the rein in between London and Stratford, situation Shakespeare would stay when migratory between his home and blue blood the gentry capital.

Shakespeare is buried in authority chancel of Holy Trinity Communion in Stratford-upon-Avon.

He was acknowledged the honour of burial assume the chancel not because advance his fame as a scenarist but because he had purchased a share of the customs in the church for £440 (a considerable sum of method at the time). A gravestone on the wall nearest jurisdiction grave, probably placed by sovereignty family, features a bust feature Shakespeare posed in the without ornamentation of writing.

Every year, categorize his assumed birthday, a newborn quill pen is placed regulate the writing hand of nobility bust. He is believed revoke have written the epitaph sparkle his tombstone.

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the rub enclosed here.
Blest be the checker that spares these stones,
And hapless be he that moves futile bones.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography